What is Tense in Hindi (काल क्या है)?

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What is Tense in Hindi (काल क्या है)?

काल (Tense in Hindi) क्रिया (Verb) का वह रूप है जिससे ये पता चलता है कि कब कुछ हुआ है, कब कुछ हो रहा है या कब कुछ होने वाला है। टेंस यानि समय निरंतर चलने वाली प्रक्रिया है। उस नज़रिये से हमें टेंस जानना अति आवश्यक है। टेंस से समय की स्थिति का पता चलता है कि कोई घटना कब घटित हुई है। तब अनुमानित स्थिति के अनुसार हम अपना विमर्श देते है। अगर हम दूसरे शब्दों में कहें, एक वाक्य में TIME और ACTION को दर्शाने के लिए Tense का उपयोग किया जाता है|

TIME + ACTION = TENSE

काल के बारे में जानने से पहले, क्रिया के बारे में जानने से आपके लिए काल को समझना आसान हो जाएगा। क्रिया के बारे में जानने के लिए यहां क्लिक करें।

Tense मुख्यतः तीन प्रकार के होते हैं। और प्रत्येक के चार भेद होते हैं।

  1. वर्तमान काल (Present Tense)
    1. Simple Present Tense
    2. Present Continuous Tense
    3. Present Perfect Tense
    4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
  2. भूतकाल (Past Tense)
    1. Simple Past Tense
    2. Past Continuous Tense
    3. Past Perfect Tense
    4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
  3. भविष्यकाल (Future Tense)
    1. Simple Future Tense
    2. Future Continuous Tense
    3. Future Perfect Tense
    4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

1) Present Tense

i) Simple Present Tense

जिस वाक्य के अंत में ता है/ती है/ते है/ते हो आते है वे Simple Present Tense में आते हैं। इसे Present Indefinite Tense भी कहते हैं।

दूसरे शब्दों में हम कह सकते हैं कि एक वाक्य Simple Present Tense में प्रस्तुत किया जाता है जब इसका उपयोग वर्तमान ( Present) में होने वाली क्रिया का वर्णन करने के लिए किया जाता है और यह इंगित नहीं करता है कि क्रिया कब समाप्त होने की उम्मीद है।

Affirmative or Normal Sentence

Structure: Subject + Verb(V1) + s/es(if singular) + rest of the sentence

Example: He reads a newspaper, They play cricket every morning, I like green vegetables.

Note: जब Subject एक Singular हो तो हमेशा मुख्य क्रिया में “s” या “es” जोड़ें। और “I” और “You” के साथ plural के रूप में व्यवहार किया जाता है।

Negative sentence

Structure: Subject + do/does + not + Verb(V1) + rest of the sentence

Example: He does not read a newspaper, They do not play cricket every morning, I don’t like green vegetables.

Interrogative sentence

Structure:  do/does + Subject + Verb(V1) + rest of the sentence

Example: Does he read a newspaper, Do they play cricket every morning, Do I like green vegetables.

ii) Present Continuous Tense

जिस वाक्य के अंत में रहा है / रही है / रहे है / रहे हो / रहा हूँ / रही हूँ आते है वे Present Continuous Tense में आते हैं। इसे Present Progressive Tense और Present Imperfect Tense भी कहते हैं।

यह अस्थायी क्रियाओं को दर्शाता है। यह आमतौर पर एक ऐसे कार्य को परिभाषित करता है जो बोलने के समय चल रहा हो।

Affirmative or Normal Sentence

Structure: Subject + is\am\are + Verb(V1) + ing +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • He is reading a newspaper.
  • They are Playing cricket every morning.
  • I am eating a mango.

Negative sentence

Structure: Subject + is\am\are + not + Verb(V1) + ing +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • He is not reading a newspaper.
  • They are not Playing cricket every morning.
  • I am not eating a mango.

Interrogative sentence 

Structure: is\am\are + Subject + Verb(V1) + ing +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • Is he reading a newspaper.
  • Are they playing cricket every morning.
  • Am i eating a mango.

iii) Present Perfect Tense

जिस वाक्य के अंत में चुका है/चुकी है/चुके है/चुके हो/चुका हूँ /चुकी हूँ/या है/यी है/या हूँ /यी हूँ /ये है आते हैं वे Present Perfect Tense में आते हैं।

Affirmative or Normal Sentence

Structure:  Subject + has/have + Verb(V3) +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • He has written an article.
  • I have eaten food.
  • They have destroyed a wall.

Negative sentence

Structure:  Subject + has/have+ not + Verb(V3) +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • He has not written an article.
  • I have not eaten food.
  • They have not destroyed a wall.

Interrogative sentence

Structure: has/have + Subject +  Verb(V3) +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • Has he written an article.
  • Have i eaten food.
  • Have they destroyed a wall.

iv) Present Perfect Continuous Tense

जिस वाक्य के अंत में ता रहे हैं/ती रहे हैं/ती रहे हो/ते रहे हो/ता रहा हूँ /ती रही हूँ आते हैं वे Present Perfect Continuous Tense में आते हैं।

आमतौर पर Present Perfect Continuous Tense का उपयोग उस स्थिति के लिए किया जाता है जो अतीत में हुई है और जो वर्तमान तक जारी रहती है।

Affirmative or Normal Sentence

Structure: Subject + has/have + been +  Verb(V1) + ing +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • He has been writing a letter.
  • You have been singing since Tuesday.
  • They have been studying since 2010.

Negative sentence

Structure: Subject + has/have + not + been +  Verb(V1) + ing +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • He has not been writing a letter.
  • You have not been singing since Tuesday.
  • They have not been studying since 2010.

Interrogative sentence

Structure: has/have + Subject + been +  Verb(V1) + ing +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • Has he been writing a letter.
  • Have you been singing since Tuesday.
  • Have they been studying since 2010.

2) Past Tense

i) Simple Past Tense

जिस वाक्य के अंत में या/ई/ए/ता था/ती थे/ते थे, आते हैं वे Simple Past Tense में आते हैं। इसे Past Indefinite Tense भी कहते हैं |

इसका उपयोग अतीत की क्रिया को बताने के लिए किया जाता है।

Affirmative or Normal Sentence

Structure: Subject + Verb(V2) + rest of the sentence

Example:

  • Ram saw a movie yesterday.
  • I studied at the DAV public School.
  • They ate only apple in the dinner.

Negative sentence

Structure: Subject +did + not + Verb(V1) + rest of the sentence

Example:

  • You did not work last night.
  • I did not like to play football.
  • They did not come.

Interrogative sentence

Structure: did + Subject + Verb(V1) + rest of the sentence

Example:

  • Did you work last night.
  • Did i like to play football.

ii) Past Continuous Tense

जिस वाक्य के अंत में रहा था / रही थी / रहे थे आते हैं वे Present Continuous Tense में आते हैं। इसे Past Imperfect Tense और Past Progressive Tense भी कहते हैं।

Affirmative or Normal Sentence

Structure: Subject + was/were + Verb(V1) + ing +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • They were coming.
  • He was working.
  • My mother was cooking.

Negative sentence

Structure: Subject + was/were + not + Verb(V1) + ing +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • They were not coming.
  • He was not working.
  • My Mother was not cooking.

Interrogative sentence

Structure: was/were + Subject + Verb(V1) + ing +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • Were they coming.
  • Was he working.
  • Was my mother cooking.

iii) Past Perfect Tense

जिस वाक्य के अंत में चुका था/चुकी थी/चुके थे/या था/यी थी आते हैं वे Past Perfect Tense में आते हैं।

Affirmative or Normal Sentence

Structure:  Subject + had + Verb(V3) +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • He had written an article.
  • I had eaten food.
  • They had destroyed a wall.

Negative sentence

Structure:  Subject + had + not + Verb(V3) +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • He had not written an article.
  • I had not eaten food.
  • They had not destroyed a wall.

Interrogative sentence

Structure:  had + Subject + Verb(V3) +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • Had he written an article.
  • Had they destroyed a wall.

iv) Past Perfect Continuous Tense

जिस वाक्य के अंत में ता रहे थे/ती रहे थे/ते रहे थे, आते हैं वे Past Perfect Continuous Tense में आते हैं।

Past Perfect Continuous Tense से पता चलता है कि अतीत में शुरू हुई क्रिया अतीत में एक समय तक जारी रही थी।

Affirmative or Normal Sentence

Structure: Subject + had + been +  Verb(V1) + ing +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • He had been working.
  • They had been writing a letter.
  • I had been cooking food.

Negative sentence

Structure: Subject + had + not + been +  Verb(V1) + ing +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • He had not been working.
  • They had not been writing a letter.
  • I had not been cooking food.

Interrogative sentence

Structure: had + Subject + been +  Verb(V1) + ing +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • Had he been working.
  • Had they been writing a letter.

3) Future Tense

i) Simple Future Tense

जिस वाक्य के अंत में गा/गी/गे, आते हैं वे Simple Future Tense में आते हैं। इसे Future Indefinite Tense भी कहते हैं।

भविष्य में घटित होने वाली किसी क्रिया के लिए Future Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Affirmative or Normal Sentence

Structure: Subject + will/shall +  Verb(V1) +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • He will play.
  • We will come tomorrow.
  • We will get married in this year.

Negative sentence

Structure: Subject + will/shall + not + Verb(V1) +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • He will not play.
  • We will not come tomorrow.
  • We will not get married in this year.

Interrogative sentence

Structure: will/shall + Subject + Verb(V1) +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • Will he play.
  • Shall we come tomorrow.
  • Will we get married in this year.

Note: shall मुख्य रूप से “Shall I” में उपयोग किया जाता है| और “Shall be” ब्रिटिश अंग्रेजी में उपयोग किया जाता है। इन रूपों का उपयोग तब किया जाता है जब आप किसी की राय(suggestion)प्राप्त करना चाहते हैं, विशेष रूप से ऑफ़र, अनुरोध और सुझाव के लिए। यह केवल “I” या “we” के साथ प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे, Shall I say something?

ii) Future Continuous Tense

जिस वाक्य के अंत में रहा होगा / रही होगी / रहे होंगे आते हैं वे Future Continuous Tense में आते हैं। इसे Past Imperfect Tense और Past Progressive Tense भी कहते हैं।

इस Tense में एक verb tense है जो इंगित करता है कि भविष्य में कुछ घटित होगा और अपेक्षित समय तक जारी रहेगा।

Affirmative or Normal Sentence

Structure: Subject + will + be +  Verb(V1) + ing +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • I will be reading tomorrow.
  • She will be dancing.
  • They will be playing.

Negative sentence

Structure: Subject + will + not + be +  Verb(V1) + ing +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • I will not be reading tomorrow.
  • She will not be dancing.
  • They will not be playing.

Interrogative sentence

Structure: Will + Subject + be + Verb(V1) + ing +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • Will i be reading tomorrow.
  • Will she be dancing.

iii) Future Perfect Tense

जिस वाक्य के अंत में चुका होगा/चुकी होगी/चुके होंगे/या होगा /यी होगी आते हैं वे Future Perfect Tense में आते हैं।

इस काल का उपयोग किसी ऐसे कार्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है जिसे भविष्य में एक निश्चित समय के भीतर समाप्त होने की भविष्यवाणी की जाती है। काल भविष्य में किसी अन्य क्रिया से पहले भविष्य में होने वाली क्रिया को व्यक्त करता है। यह भविष्य में अतीत होगा|

Affirmative or Normal Sentence

Structure: Subject + will + have +  Verb(V3) +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • I will have arrived the class by 5pm, then we can go for movie.
  • I will have eaten my meal..

Negative sentence

Structure: Subject + will + not + have + Verb(V3) +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • I will not have arrived the class by 5pm, then we can go for movie.
  • I will not have eaten my meal..

Interrogative sentence

Structure: Will + Subject + have + Verb(V3) +  rest of the sentence

Example:

  • Will my mom have cooked my favorite meal.
  • Will i have eaten my meal.

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